See dreich on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "dree"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dreichly"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"id": "serve"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dregh"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dregh",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dreghe, drei, dreiȝ, dreiȝe, drey, dreȝ, dreȝe, dreȝghe, drie, driȝ, driȝe, drye, dryȝ, dryȝe, (Early Middle English) drih, druye",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*drēog"
},
"expansion": "Old English *drēog",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz",
"t": "enduring, lasting"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"t": "to serve one’s tribe; loyal"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "drjúgr",
"t": "sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "dreariness, gloom"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rare"
},
"expansion": "(rare)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dri"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dri",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dre, dregh, dreghe, dreh, drei, dreigh, dreiȝe, dreȝe, driȝe, dryhe, dryȝe",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "noun",
"t": "seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates",
"name": "col-top"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "drēg"
},
"expansion": "German Low German drēg",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "drjúgur",
"t": "ample; heavy, substantial; long"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "drech"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian drech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "drygh"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish drygh",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "drøj",
"t": "heavy; solid, tough"
},
"expansion": "Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "drygher"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish drygher",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "dryg",
"t": "ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting"
},
"expansion": "Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "drjooch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian drjooch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "dreich"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "dreech"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian dreech",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is borrowed from Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”), from Middle English dregh, dri, drie (“burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous”) [and other forms], from Old English *drēog, drēoh (“earnest; fit; sober”), and then probably partly:\n* shortened from Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective), from ġe- (prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity) + Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (from *dreuganą (“to serve, be a retainer”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)); and\n* influenced by Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”), from Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (see above).\nThe noun is probably partly derived:\n* from the adjective; and\n* borrowed from Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”) (rare), probably from Middle English dri, drie (“annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time”) [and other forms], possibly from dri, drie (adjective) (see above).\n(Compare Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun), which did not survive into Middle English.)\nCognates\n* German Low German drēg, drēge\n* Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)\n* North Frisian drech\n* Old Danish drygh (modern Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”))\n* Old Swedish drygher (modern Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”))\n* Saterland Frisian drjooch\n* Scots dreich\n* West Frisian dreech, drege (“extensive; long-lasting”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dreicher",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "dreichest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dreicher"
},
"expansion": "dreich (comparative dreicher, superlative dreichest)",
"name": "en-adj"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Northern England",
"3": "North",
"4": "_",
"5": "Midlands",
"6": "Northern Ireland",
"7": "Scotland"
},
"expansion": "(Northern England, North Midlands, Northern Ireland, Scotland)",
"name": "term-label"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "concise"
}
],
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "(long-winded):"
},
{
"text": "(long-winded):"
},
{
"ref": "1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon [pseudonym; James Leslie Mitchell], “Epilude: The Unfurrowed Field”, in Ian Campbell, editor, Sunset Song: A Novel (A Scots Quair; 1), Edinburgh: Polygon, Birlinn, published 2006, →ISBN, page 234:",
"text": "So Alec showed her the letter, 'twas long and dreich and went on and on; […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Extending for a long distance or time, especially when tedious or wearisome; long-drawn-out, protracted; also, of speech or writing: unnecessarily verbose; long-winded."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-5RYZKqX2",
"links": [
[
"Extending",
"extend#Verb"
],
[
"long",
"long#Adjective"
],
[
"distance",
"distance#Noun"
],
[
"time",
"time#Noun"
],
[
"tedious",
"tedious"
],
[
"wearisome",
"wearisome"
],
[
"long-drawn-out",
"long-drawn-out"
],
[
"protracted",
"protracted#Adjective"
],
[
"speech",
"speech#Noun"
],
[
"writing",
"writing#Noun"
],
[
"unnecessarily",
"unnecessarily"
],
[
"verbose",
"verbose"
],
[
"long-winded",
"long-winded"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "verbose"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "exciting"
}
],
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1786, Robert Burns, “The Auld Farmer’s New-year Morning Salutation to His Auld Mare, Maggie, on Giving Her the Accustomed Ripp of Corn to Hansel in the New-year”, in Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect. […], 2nd edition, volume I, Edinburgh: […] T[homas] Cadell, […], and William Creech, […], published 1793, →OCLC, page 198:",
"text": "VVhen thou an' I vvere young an' ſkiegh, / An' ſtable-meals at Fairs vvere driegh, / Hovv thou vvad prance, an' ſnore, an' ſkriegh, / An' tak the road!",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1886 May 1 – July 31, Robert Louis Stevenson, “Cluny’s Cage”, in Kidnapped, being Memoirs of the Adventures of David Balfour in the Year 1751: […], London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 1886, →OCLC, page 225:",
"text": "[\"]My life is a bit driegh,\" says he, pouring out the brandy; \"I see little company, and sit and twirl my thumbs, and mind upon a great day that is gone by, and weary for another great day that we all hope will be upon the road. And so here's a toast to ye: The Restoration!\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Not enjoyable or interesting; boring, dull."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-FwrazgN0",
"links": [
[
"enjoyable",
"enjoyable"
],
[
"interesting",
"interesting#Adjective"
],
[
"boring",
"boring#Adjective"
],
[
"dull",
"dull#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "boring"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1863, [Elizabeth] Gaskell, “Wedding Raiment”, in Sylvia’s Lovers. […], volume II, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, page 278:",
"text": "But he's lying i' such dree poverty,—and niver a friend to go near him,—niver a person to speak a kind word t' him.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1889, Robert Louis Stevenson, “Summary of Events (continued)”, in The Master of Ballantrae. […], London, Paris: Cassell & Company, […], →OCLC, page 22:",
"text": "Aweel, Wully was an unco praying kind o' man; a dreigh body, nane o' my kind, I never could abide the sight o' him; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "The most cheerless soul could see he had sunlight in his eye, / And there's none his equal left in the town.",
"ref": "[1917, John Buchan, “[Theocritus in Scots.] The Kirn (Idyll vii).”, in Poems: Scots and English (in Scots), London; Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack, →OCLC, book I (Scots), page 38:",
"text": "The dreichest saul could see he had sunlicht in his ee, / And there's no his marrow left in the toun.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon [pseudonym; James Leslie Mitchell], “Epilude: The Unfurrowed Field”, in Ian Campbell, editor, Sunset Song: A Novel (A Scots Quair; 1), Edinburgh: Polygon, Birlinn, published 2006, →ISBN, page 235:",
"text": "It looked a dreich, cold place as you rode by at night, near as lonesome as the old Mill was, and not near as handy.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1941 January, C[uthbert] Hamilton Ellis, “The Scottish Station”, in The Railway Magazine, London: Tothill Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:",
"text": "There are many other species of Scottish station, from geranium-hung coastal termini to dreich places in the Black Country, but a concluding note must be reached, and it shall concern Glasgow.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2004 June 3, Susan Hill, chapter 1, in The Various Haunts of Men (A Simon Serrailler Crime Novel), London: Chatto & Windus, →ISBN, page 4:",
"text": "Angela Randall was not afraid of the dark, but driving home at this dreich hour and at the end of a difficult shift, she found the ectoplasmic fog unnerving.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2020 February 11, Douglas Stuart, chapter 25, in Shuggie Bain, New York, N.Y.: Grove Press, →ISBN, page 336:",
"text": "On dreich days Shuggie would take Agnes's wedding album and hide at the foot of her bed poring over the photos of his father.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Bleak, cheerless, dismal, dreary, miserable."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-1YoH~c4j",
"links": [
[
"Bleak",
"bleak#Adjective"
],
[
"cheerless",
"cheerless"
],
[
"dismal",
"dismal"
],
[
"dreary",
"dreary"
],
[
"miserable",
"miserable#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cheerless"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "speedy"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 8 7 13 3 7 6 3 7 4 18 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Midlands English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1818 July 25, Jedadiah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter IV, in Tales of My Landlord, Second Series, […] (The Heart of Mid-Lothian), volume III, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 88:",
"text": "What think ye o' yon bonny hill yonder, lifting its brow to the moon? […] [M]aybe we will win there the night yet, God sain us, though our minny [a horse] here's rather driegh in the upgang.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1914, Neil Munro, “A Call to the North”, in The New Road, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, page 53:",
"text": "I have the bills o' men like Keppoch and Glengarry flourishing about the Lowlands in the place o' paper money; they're aye gettin' a' the dreicher at the payin', but whatever comes o't I have got them in my grasp.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Slow, sluggish; specifically, of a person: tending to delay or procrastinate (especially when paying for something)."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-occl7JwP",
"links": [
[
"Slow",
"slow#Adjective"
],
[
"sluggish",
"sluggish"
],
[
"tend",
"tend"
],
[
"delay",
"delay#Verb"
],
[
"procrastinate",
"procrastinate"
],
[
"paying",
"pay#Verb"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dilatory"
},
{
"word": "tardy"
},
{
"word": "slow"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1819, Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter VIII, in Tales of My Landlord, Third Series. […], volume III (The Bride of Lammermoor), Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 114:",
"text": "There they are that were capering on their prancing nags four days since, and they are now ganging as driegh and sober as oursells the day.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a person: having a dejected or serious appearance or mood; dour, gloomy, moody, morose, sullen."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-XzElpRs~",
"links": [
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"dejected",
"dejected#Adjective"
],
[
"serious",
"serious#Adjective"
],
[
"appearance",
"appearance"
],
[
"mood",
"mood#Noun"
],
[
"dour",
"dour"
],
[
"gloomy",
"gloomy"
],
[
"moody",
"moody"
],
[
"morose",
"morose"
],
[
"sullen",
"sullen#Adjective"
]
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "[1934], Lewis Grassic Gibbon [pseudonym; James Leslie Mitchell], “Forsaken”, in Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Hugh MacDiarmid [pseudonym; Christopher Murray Grieve], Scottish Scene or The Intelligent Man’s Guide to Albyn, London; Melbourne: National Book Association; Hutchinson & Co., →OCLC, 4th section, page 149:",
"text": "Right above your head some thing towered up with branching arms in the flow of the lights; and you saw that it was a cross of stone, overlaid with curlecues, strange, dreich signs, like the banners of the Roman robbers of men whom you'd preached against in Zion last night.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a task: laborious, tedious, troublesome; hence, needing concentration to understand; intricate."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-ACNa9yfX",
"links": [
[
"task",
"task#Noun"
],
[
"laborious",
"laborious"
],
[
"troublesome",
"troublesome"
],
[
"needing",
"need#Verb"
],
[
"concentration",
"concentration"
],
[
"understand",
"understand"
],
[
"intricate",
"intricate#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "burdensome"
},
{
"word": "taxing"
},
{
"word": "toilsome"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "a. 1931 (date written), D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, “A Hay Hut among the Mountains”, in Warren Roberts, Harry T. Moore, editors, Phoenix II: Uncollected, Unpublished, and Other Prose Works by D. H. Lawrence […], Viking Compass edition, New York, N.Y.: Viking Press, published 1970, →ISBN, part I (Stories and Sketches), page 43:",
"text": "So, after two hours' running downhill, we came out in the level valley at Glashütte. It was raining now, a thick dree rain.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Chiefly of rain: without pause or stop; continuous, incessant."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-DFcNY4HX",
"links": [
[
"rain",
"rain#Noun"
],
[
"pause",
"pause#Noun"
],
[
"stop",
"stop#Noun"
],
[
"continuous",
"continuous"
],
[
"incessant",
"incessant"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "persistent"
},
{
"word": "sustained"
},
{
"word": "unceasing"
},
{
"word": "unending"
},
{
"word": "unremitting"
},
{
"word": "continuous"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1863, [Elizabeth] Gaskell, “The Engagement”, in Sylvia’s Lovers. […], volume II, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, page 40:",
"text": "To be sure, t' winter's been a dree season, and thou'rt, maybe, in the right on't to make a late start.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1969, George Mackay Brown, “Rackwick”, in An Orkney Tapestry, London: Victor Gollancz, →OCLC, page 40:",
"text": "Days are dreicher than January. / A dead lamb is dropped in the thaw. / Yet now we are glad / For all things turn to the sun.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1992, Ian Rankin, “Up the River”, in Strip Jack (A Thomas Dunne Book), 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, published 1994, →ISBN, page 97:",
"text": "Burglary with violent assault: just the thing for a dreich Thursday morning.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2023 November 29, Paul Clifton, “West is Best in the Highlands”, in Rail, number 997, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire: Bauer Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 39:",
"text": "Up here, it’s a ‘dreich’ day with steady drizzle. Deep drainage channels either side of the track are already more like streams: Rannoch Moor is a wet place.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of weather: dreary, gloomy (cold, overcast, rainy, etc.)."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-PmfgRCCE",
"links": [
[
"weather",
"weather#Noun"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#Adjective"
],
[
"overcast",
"overcast#Adjective"
],
[
"rainy",
"rainy"
]
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Of a person: negotiating forcefully; driving a hard bargain."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj--zDPFlQf",
"links": [
[
"negotiating",
"negotiate"
],
[
"forcefully",
"forcefully"
],
[
"driving a hard bargain",
"drive a hard bargain"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"Of a person: negotiating forcefully; driving a hard bargain."
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Of a place (especially a hill or mountain): difficult to get through or reach; inaccessible."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-1vKyOzOy",
"links": [
[
"place",
"place#Noun"
],
[
"hill",
"hill#Noun"
],
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult#Adjective"
],
[
"get",
"get#Verb"
],
[
"reach",
"reach#Verb"
],
[
"inaccessible",
"inaccessible"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"Of a place (especially a hill or mountain): difficult to get through or reach; inaccessible."
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dɹiːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹiːx/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹik/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-dreich.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga/En-us-dreich.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga"
},
{
"ipa": "/drix/",
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ðreː/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/driːx/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-iːk"
},
{
"rhymes": "-iːx"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dree"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dreigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Scotland"
],
"word": "dreegh"
}
],
"word": "dreich"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"id": "serve"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dregh"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dregh",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dreghe, drei, dreiȝ, dreiȝe, drey, dreȝ, dreȝe, dreȝghe, drie, driȝ, driȝe, drye, dryȝ, dryȝe, (Early Middle English) drih, druye",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*drēog"
},
"expansion": "Old English *drēog",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz",
"t": "enduring, lasting"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"t": "to serve one’s tribe; loyal"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "drjúgr",
"t": "sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "dreariness, gloom"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rare"
},
"expansion": "(rare)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dri"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dri",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dre, dregh, dreghe, dreh, drei, dreigh, dreiȝe, dreȝe, driȝe, dryhe, dryȝe",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "noun",
"t": "seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates",
"name": "col-top"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "drēg"
},
"expansion": "German Low German drēg",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "drjúgur",
"t": "ample; heavy, substantial; long"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "drech"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian drech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "drygh"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish drygh",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "drøj",
"t": "heavy; solid, tough"
},
"expansion": "Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "drygher"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish drygher",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "dryg",
"t": "ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting"
},
"expansion": "Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "drjooch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian drjooch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "dreich"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "dreech"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian dreech",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is borrowed from Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”), from Middle English dregh, dri, drie (“burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous”) [and other forms], from Old English *drēog, drēoh (“earnest; fit; sober”), and then probably partly:\n* shortened from Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective), from ġe- (prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity) + Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (from *dreuganą (“to serve, be a retainer”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)); and\n* influenced by Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”), from Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (see above).\nThe noun is probably partly derived:\n* from the adjective; and\n* borrowed from Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”) (rare), probably from Middle English dri, drie (“annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time”) [and other forms], possibly from dri, drie (adjective) (see above).\n(Compare Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun), which did not survive into Middle English.)\nCognates\n* German Low German drēg, drēge\n* Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)\n* North Frisian drech\n* Old Danish drygh (modern Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”))\n* Old Swedish drygher (modern Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”))\n* Saterland Frisian drjooch\n* Scots dreich\n* West Frisian dreech, drege (“extensive; long-lasting”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dreiches",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "dreich (countable and uncountable, plural dreiches)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Midlands English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern England English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 7 13 3 7 6 3 7 4 18 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Midlands English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 8 4 7 2 8 7 1 8 1 25 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern England English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A tedious or troublesome task; also, the most tedious or troublesome part of a task."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-noun-0-zfgKFp",
"links": [
[
"tedious",
"tedious"
],
[
"troublesome",
"troublesome"
],
[
"task",
"task#Noun"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, Northern England, North Midlands) A tedious or troublesome task; also, the most tedious or troublesome part of a task."
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland",
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "tedious or troublesome task; most tedious or troublesome part of a task",
"word": "suuri vaiva"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scottish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "12 9 6 9 4 10 10 1 11 1 10 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 5 2 6 2 13 11 1 13 2 6 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 7 13 3 7 6 3 7 4 18 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Midlands English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 8 4 7 2 8 7 1 8 1 25 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern England English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 9 6 9 4 9 8 2 8 2 8 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern Irish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 9 2 5 2 6 5 1 6 1 6 14 18 0 2 1 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 1 5 1 7 6 1 7 1 7 15 15 0 1 1 10 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 8 6 7 5 8 9 3 8 2 5 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Bleakness, gloom; specifically, gloomy (cold, overcast, rainy, etc.) weather."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-noun-jjgFMoMo",
"links": [
[
"Bleakness",
"bleakness"
],
[
"gloom",
"gloom#Noun"
],
[
"gloomy",
"gloomy"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#Adjective"
],
[
"overcast",
"overcast#Adjective"
],
[
"rainy",
"rainy"
],
[
"weather",
"weather#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, Scotland) Bleakness, gloom; specifically, gloomy (cold, overcast, rainy, etc.) weather."
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dɹiːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹiːx/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹik/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-dreich.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga/En-us-dreich.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga"
},
{
"ipa": "/drix/",
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ðreː/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/driːx/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-iːk"
},
{
"rhymes": "-iːx"
}
],
"word": "dreich"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ga-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dreich",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "dhreich",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ndreich",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "noun form",
"g": "f-s"
},
"expansion": "dreich f sg",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "ga-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 9 2 5 2 6 5 1 6 1 6 14 18 0 2 1 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 1 5 1 7 6 1 7 1 7 15 15 0 1 1 10 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "front",
"word": "dreach"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dative singular of dreach (“front”)"
],
"id": "en-dreich-ga-noun-CQdnot-h",
"links": [
[
"dreach",
"dreach#Irish"
]
],
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "dreich"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dreichly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "deid dreich"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dreich in the draw"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dregh"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dregh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġedrēog"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*dreug"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *dreug",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "cy",
"3": "drycin",
"gloss": "bad weather"
},
"expansion": "Welsh drycin (“bad weather”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "drwg",
"3": "hin",
"gloss1": "bad",
"gloss2": "weather",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "drwg (“bad”) + hin (“weather”)",
"name": "compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "drudge"
},
"expansion": "English drudge",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "trügen"
},
"expansion": "German trügen",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English dregh, from Old English ġedrēog, *drēog, from Proto-West Germanic *dreug, from Proto-Germanic *dreugaz. Possibly influenced by Brythonic, e.g. Welsh drycin (“bad weather”) < drwg (“bad”) + hin (“weather”).\nDistantly cognate with English drudge, dree, and German trügen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mair dreich",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "maist dreich",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"10": "maist dreich",
"11": "",
"12": "",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "comparative",
"4": "mair dreich",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "superlative"
},
"expansion": "dreich (comparative mair dreich, superlative maist dreich)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dreich (comparative mair dreich, superlative maist dreich)",
"name": "sco-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 5 9 38 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"persistent, continuous, relentless"
],
"id": "en-dreich-sco-adj-EyAokdm9",
"links": [
[
"persistent",
"persistent"
],
[
"continuous",
"continuous"
],
[
"relentless",
"relentless"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"slow, tardy"
],
"id": "en-dreich-sco-adj-6iYkaOjc",
"links": [
[
"slow",
"slow"
],
[
"tardy",
"tardy"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The dreary, inhuman blue on Nadia's long-silent thought-screen fizzed into life.",
"ref": "2000, Matthew Fitt, But n Ben A-Go-Go, Luath, published 2000, page 132:",
"text": "The dreich inhuman blue on Nadia's lang-wheesht thocht-screen fizzed intae life.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dismal, dowie, dreary, bleak"
],
"id": "en-dreich-sco-adj-LN~rhE7e",
"links": [
[
"dismal",
"dismal"
],
[
"dowie",
"dowie"
],
[
"dreary",
"dreary"
],
[
"bleak",
"bleak"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 5 9 38 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tedious, wearisome, drawn-out"
],
"id": "en-dreich-sco-adj-pyDq-cM6",
"links": [
[
"tedious",
"tedious"
],
[
"wearisome",
"wearisome"
],
[
"drawn-out",
"drawn-out"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 5 9 38 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"reluctant, tight-fisted, driving a hard bargain"
],
"id": "en-dreich-sco-adj-z-1RQ4Nx",
"links": [
[
"reluctant",
"reluctant"
],
[
"tight-fisted",
"tight-fisted"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/driːx/"
},
{
"ipa": "/driːç/"
}
],
"word": "dreich"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Scots",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Scots",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰrewgʰ- (serve)",
"English terms with /x/",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Midlands English",
"Northern England English",
"Northern Irish English",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/iːk",
"Rhymes:English/iːk/1 syllable",
"Rhymes:English/iːx",
"Rhymes:English/iːx/1 syllable",
"Terms with Finnish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "dree"
},
{
"word": "dreichly"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"id": "serve"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dregh"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dregh",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dreghe, drei, dreiȝ, dreiȝe, drey, dreȝ, dreȝe, dreȝghe, drie, driȝ, driȝe, drye, dryȝ, dryȝe, (Early Middle English) drih, druye",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*drēog"
},
"expansion": "Old English *drēog",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz",
"t": "enduring, lasting"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"t": "to serve one’s tribe; loyal"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "drjúgr",
"t": "sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "dreariness, gloom"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rare"
},
"expansion": "(rare)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dri"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dri",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dre, dregh, dreghe, dreh, drei, dreigh, dreiȝe, dreȝe, driȝe, dryhe, dryȝe",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "noun",
"t": "seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates",
"name": "col-top"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "drēg"
},
"expansion": "German Low German drēg",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "drjúgur",
"t": "ample; heavy, substantial; long"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "drech"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian drech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "drygh"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish drygh",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "drøj",
"t": "heavy; solid, tough"
},
"expansion": "Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "drygher"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish drygher",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "dryg",
"t": "ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting"
},
"expansion": "Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "drjooch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian drjooch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "dreich"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "dreech"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian dreech",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is borrowed from Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”), from Middle English dregh, dri, drie (“burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous”) [and other forms], from Old English *drēog, drēoh (“earnest; fit; sober”), and then probably partly:\n* shortened from Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective), from ġe- (prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity) + Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (from *dreuganą (“to serve, be a retainer”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)); and\n* influenced by Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”), from Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (see above).\nThe noun is probably partly derived:\n* from the adjective; and\n* borrowed from Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”) (rare), probably from Middle English dri, drie (“annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time”) [and other forms], possibly from dri, drie (adjective) (see above).\n(Compare Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun), which did not survive into Middle English.)\nCognates\n* German Low German drēg, drēge\n* Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)\n* North Frisian drech\n* Old Danish drygh (modern Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”))\n* Old Swedish drygher (modern Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”))\n* Saterland Frisian drjooch\n* Scots dreich\n* West Frisian dreech, drege (“extensive; long-lasting”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dreicher",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "dreichest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dreicher"
},
"expansion": "dreich (comparative dreicher, superlative dreichest)",
"name": "en-adj"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Northern England",
"3": "North",
"4": "_",
"5": "Midlands",
"6": "Northern Ireland",
"7": "Scotland"
},
"expansion": "(Northern England, North Midlands, Northern Ireland, Scotland)",
"name": "term-label"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "concise"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "(long-winded):"
},
{
"text": "(long-winded):"
},
{
"ref": "1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon [pseudonym; James Leslie Mitchell], “Epilude: The Unfurrowed Field”, in Ian Campbell, editor, Sunset Song: A Novel (A Scots Quair; 1), Edinburgh: Polygon, Birlinn, published 2006, →ISBN, page 234:",
"text": "So Alec showed her the letter, 'twas long and dreich and went on and on; […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Extending for a long distance or time, especially when tedious or wearisome; long-drawn-out, protracted; also, of speech or writing: unnecessarily verbose; long-winded."
],
"links": [
[
"Extending",
"extend#Verb"
],
[
"long",
"long#Adjective"
],
[
"distance",
"distance#Noun"
],
[
"time",
"time#Noun"
],
[
"tedious",
"tedious"
],
[
"wearisome",
"wearisome"
],
[
"long-drawn-out",
"long-drawn-out"
],
[
"protracted",
"protracted#Adjective"
],
[
"speech",
"speech#Noun"
],
[
"writing",
"writing#Noun"
],
[
"unnecessarily",
"unnecessarily"
],
[
"verbose",
"verbose"
],
[
"long-winded",
"long-winded"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "verbose"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "exciting"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1786, Robert Burns, “The Auld Farmer’s New-year Morning Salutation to His Auld Mare, Maggie, on Giving Her the Accustomed Ripp of Corn to Hansel in the New-year”, in Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect. […], 2nd edition, volume I, Edinburgh: […] T[homas] Cadell, […], and William Creech, […], published 1793, →OCLC, page 198:",
"text": "VVhen thou an' I vvere young an' ſkiegh, / An' ſtable-meals at Fairs vvere driegh, / Hovv thou vvad prance, an' ſnore, an' ſkriegh, / An' tak the road!",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1886 May 1 – July 31, Robert Louis Stevenson, “Cluny’s Cage”, in Kidnapped, being Memoirs of the Adventures of David Balfour in the Year 1751: […], London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 1886, →OCLC, page 225:",
"text": "[\"]My life is a bit driegh,\" says he, pouring out the brandy; \"I see little company, and sit and twirl my thumbs, and mind upon a great day that is gone by, and weary for another great day that we all hope will be upon the road. And so here's a toast to ye: The Restoration!\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Not enjoyable or interesting; boring, dull."
],
"links": [
[
"enjoyable",
"enjoyable"
],
[
"interesting",
"interesting#Adjective"
],
[
"boring",
"boring#Adjective"
],
[
"dull",
"dull#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "boring"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1863, [Elizabeth] Gaskell, “Wedding Raiment”, in Sylvia’s Lovers. […], volume II, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, page 278:",
"text": "But he's lying i' such dree poverty,—and niver a friend to go near him,—niver a person to speak a kind word t' him.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1889, Robert Louis Stevenson, “Summary of Events (continued)”, in The Master of Ballantrae. […], London, Paris: Cassell & Company, […], →OCLC, page 22:",
"text": "Aweel, Wully was an unco praying kind o' man; a dreigh body, nane o' my kind, I never could abide the sight o' him; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "The most cheerless soul could see he had sunlight in his eye, / And there's none his equal left in the town.",
"ref": "[1917, John Buchan, “[Theocritus in Scots.] The Kirn (Idyll vii).”, in Poems: Scots and English (in Scots), London; Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack, →OCLC, book I (Scots), page 38:",
"text": "The dreichest saul could see he had sunlicht in his ee, / And there's no his marrow left in the toun.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon [pseudonym; James Leslie Mitchell], “Epilude: The Unfurrowed Field”, in Ian Campbell, editor, Sunset Song: A Novel (A Scots Quair; 1), Edinburgh: Polygon, Birlinn, published 2006, →ISBN, page 235:",
"text": "It looked a dreich, cold place as you rode by at night, near as lonesome as the old Mill was, and not near as handy.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1941 January, C[uthbert] Hamilton Ellis, “The Scottish Station”, in The Railway Magazine, London: Tothill Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:",
"text": "There are many other species of Scottish station, from geranium-hung coastal termini to dreich places in the Black Country, but a concluding note must be reached, and it shall concern Glasgow.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2004 June 3, Susan Hill, chapter 1, in The Various Haunts of Men (A Simon Serrailler Crime Novel), London: Chatto & Windus, →ISBN, page 4:",
"text": "Angela Randall was not afraid of the dark, but driving home at this dreich hour and at the end of a difficult shift, she found the ectoplasmic fog unnerving.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2020 February 11, Douglas Stuart, chapter 25, in Shuggie Bain, New York, N.Y.: Grove Press, →ISBN, page 336:",
"text": "On dreich days Shuggie would take Agnes's wedding album and hide at the foot of her bed poring over the photos of his father.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Bleak, cheerless, dismal, dreary, miserable."
],
"links": [
[
"Bleak",
"bleak#Adjective"
],
[
"cheerless",
"cheerless"
],
[
"dismal",
"dismal"
],
[
"dreary",
"dreary"
],
[
"miserable",
"miserable#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cheerless"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "speedy"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1818 July 25, Jedadiah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter IV, in Tales of My Landlord, Second Series, […] (The Heart of Mid-Lothian), volume III, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 88:",
"text": "What think ye o' yon bonny hill yonder, lifting its brow to the moon? […] [M]aybe we will win there the night yet, God sain us, though our minny [a horse] here's rather driegh in the upgang.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1914, Neil Munro, “A Call to the North”, in The New Road, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, page 53:",
"text": "I have the bills o' men like Keppoch and Glengarry flourishing about the Lowlands in the place o' paper money; they're aye gettin' a' the dreicher at the payin', but whatever comes o't I have got them in my grasp.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Slow, sluggish; specifically, of a person: tending to delay or procrastinate (especially when paying for something)."
],
"links": [
[
"Slow",
"slow#Adjective"
],
[
"sluggish",
"sluggish"
],
[
"tend",
"tend"
],
[
"delay",
"delay#Verb"
],
[
"procrastinate",
"procrastinate"
],
[
"paying",
"pay#Verb"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dilatory"
},
{
"word": "tardy"
},
{
"word": "slow"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1819, Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter VIII, in Tales of My Landlord, Third Series. […], volume III (The Bride of Lammermoor), Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 114:",
"text": "There they are that were capering on their prancing nags four days since, and they are now ganging as driegh and sober as oursells the day.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a person: having a dejected or serious appearance or mood; dour, gloomy, moody, morose, sullen."
],
"links": [
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"dejected",
"dejected#Adjective"
],
[
"serious",
"serious#Adjective"
],
[
"appearance",
"appearance"
],
[
"mood",
"mood#Noun"
],
[
"dour",
"dour"
],
[
"gloomy",
"gloomy"
],
[
"moody",
"moody"
],
[
"morose",
"morose"
],
[
"sullen",
"sullen#Adjective"
]
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "[1934], Lewis Grassic Gibbon [pseudonym; James Leslie Mitchell], “Forsaken”, in Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Hugh MacDiarmid [pseudonym; Christopher Murray Grieve], Scottish Scene or The Intelligent Man’s Guide to Albyn, London; Melbourne: National Book Association; Hutchinson & Co., →OCLC, 4th section, page 149:",
"text": "Right above your head some thing towered up with branching arms in the flow of the lights; and you saw that it was a cross of stone, overlaid with curlecues, strange, dreich signs, like the banners of the Roman robbers of men whom you'd preached against in Zion last night.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a task: laborious, tedious, troublesome; hence, needing concentration to understand; intricate."
],
"links": [
[
"task",
"task#Noun"
],
[
"laborious",
"laborious"
],
[
"troublesome",
"troublesome"
],
[
"needing",
"need#Verb"
],
[
"concentration",
"concentration"
],
[
"understand",
"understand"
],
[
"intricate",
"intricate#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "burdensome"
},
{
"word": "taxing"
},
{
"word": "toilsome"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "a. 1931 (date written), D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, “A Hay Hut among the Mountains”, in Warren Roberts, Harry T. Moore, editors, Phoenix II: Uncollected, Unpublished, and Other Prose Works by D. H. Lawrence […], Viking Compass edition, New York, N.Y.: Viking Press, published 1970, →ISBN, part I (Stories and Sketches), page 43:",
"text": "So, after two hours' running downhill, we came out in the level valley at Glashütte. It was raining now, a thick dree rain.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Chiefly of rain: without pause or stop; continuous, incessant."
],
"links": [
[
"rain",
"rain#Noun"
],
[
"pause",
"pause#Noun"
],
[
"stop",
"stop#Noun"
],
[
"continuous",
"continuous"
],
[
"incessant",
"incessant"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "persistent"
},
{
"word": "sustained"
},
{
"word": "unceasing"
},
{
"word": "unending"
},
{
"word": "unremitting"
},
{
"word": "continuous"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1863, [Elizabeth] Gaskell, “The Engagement”, in Sylvia’s Lovers. […], volume II, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, page 40:",
"text": "To be sure, t' winter's been a dree season, and thou'rt, maybe, in the right on't to make a late start.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1969, George Mackay Brown, “Rackwick”, in An Orkney Tapestry, London: Victor Gollancz, →OCLC, page 40:",
"text": "Days are dreicher than January. / A dead lamb is dropped in the thaw. / Yet now we are glad / For all things turn to the sun.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1992, Ian Rankin, “Up the River”, in Strip Jack (A Thomas Dunne Book), 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, published 1994, →ISBN, page 97:",
"text": "Burglary with violent assault: just the thing for a dreich Thursday morning.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2023 November 29, Paul Clifton, “West is Best in the Highlands”, in Rail, number 997, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire: Bauer Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 39:",
"text": "Up here, it’s a ‘dreich’ day with steady drizzle. Deep drainage channels either side of the track are already more like streams: Rannoch Moor is a wet place.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of weather: dreary, gloomy (cold, overcast, rainy, etc.)."
],
"links": [
[
"weather",
"weather#Noun"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#Adjective"
],
[
"overcast",
"overcast#Adjective"
],
[
"rainy",
"rainy"
]
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a person: negotiating forcefully; driving a hard bargain."
],
"links": [
[
"negotiating",
"negotiate"
],
[
"forcefully",
"forcefully"
],
[
"driving a hard bargain",
"drive a hard bargain"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"Of a person: negotiating forcefully; driving a hard bargain."
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a place (especially a hill or mountain): difficult to get through or reach; inaccessible."
],
"links": [
[
"place",
"place#Noun"
],
[
"hill",
"hill#Noun"
],
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult#Adjective"
],
[
"get",
"get#Verb"
],
[
"reach",
"reach#Verb"
],
[
"inaccessible",
"inaccessible"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"Of a place (especially a hill or mountain): difficult to get through or reach; inaccessible."
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dɹiːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹiːx/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹik/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-dreich.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga/En-us-dreich.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga"
},
{
"ipa": "/drix/",
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ðreː/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/driːx/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-iːk"
},
{
"rhymes": "-iːx"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dree"
},
{
"word": "dreigh"
},
{
"tags": [
"Scotland"
],
"word": "dreegh"
}
],
"word": "dreich"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Scots",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Scots",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰrewgʰ- (serve)",
"English terms with /x/",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Midlands English",
"Northern England English",
"Northern Irish English",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/iːk",
"Rhymes:English/iːk/1 syllable",
"Rhymes:English/iːx",
"Rhymes:English/iːx/1 syllable",
"Terms with Finnish translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"id": "serve"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dregh"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dregh",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dreghe, drei, dreiȝ, dreiȝe, drey, dreȝ, dreȝe, dreȝghe, drie, driȝ, driȝe, drye, dryȝ, dryȝe, (Early Middle English) drih, druye",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*drēog"
},
"expansion": "Old English *drēog",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz",
"t": "enduring, lasting"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"t": "to serve one’s tribe; loyal"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "drjúgr",
"t": "sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "dreariness, gloom"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rare"
},
"expansion": "(rare)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dri"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dri",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dre, dregh, dreghe, dreh, drei, dreigh, dreiȝe, dreȝe, driȝe, dryhe, dryȝe",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "noun",
"t": "seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates",
"name": "col-top"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "drēg"
},
"expansion": "German Low German drēg",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "drjúgur",
"t": "ample; heavy, substantial; long"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "drech"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian drech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "drygh"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish drygh",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "drøj",
"t": "heavy; solid, tough"
},
"expansion": "Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "drygher"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish drygher",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "dryg",
"t": "ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting"
},
"expansion": "Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "drjooch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian drjooch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "dreich"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "dreech"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian dreech",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is borrowed from Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”), from Middle English dregh, dri, drie (“burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous”) [and other forms], from Old English *drēog, drēoh (“earnest; fit; sober”), and then probably partly:\n* shortened from Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective), from ġe- (prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity) + Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (from *dreuganą (“to serve, be a retainer”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)); and\n* influenced by Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”), from Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (see above).\nThe noun is probably partly derived:\n* from the adjective; and\n* borrowed from Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”) (rare), probably from Middle English dri, drie (“annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time”) [and other forms], possibly from dri, drie (adjective) (see above).\n(Compare Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun), which did not survive into Middle English.)\nCognates\n* German Low German drēg, drēge\n* Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)\n* North Frisian drech\n* Old Danish drygh (modern Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”))\n* Old Swedish drygher (modern Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”))\n* Saterland Frisian drjooch\n* Scots dreich\n* West Frisian dreech, drege (“extensive; long-lasting”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dreiches",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "dreich (countable and uncountable, plural dreiches)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"Midlands English",
"Northern England English"
],
"glosses": [
"A tedious or troublesome task; also, the most tedious or troublesome part of a task."
],
"links": [
[
"tedious",
"tedious"
],
[
"troublesome",
"troublesome"
],
[
"task",
"task#Noun"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, Northern England, North Midlands) A tedious or troublesome task; also, the most tedious or troublesome part of a task."
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland",
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English uncountable nouns",
"Scottish English"
],
"glosses": [
"Bleakness, gloom; specifically, gloomy (cold, overcast, rainy, etc.) weather."
],
"links": [
[
"Bleakness",
"bleakness"
],
[
"gloom",
"gloom#Noun"
],
[
"gloomy",
"gloomy"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#Adjective"
],
[
"overcast",
"overcast#Adjective"
],
[
"rainy",
"rainy"
],
[
"weather",
"weather#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, Scotland) Bleakness, gloom; specifically, gloomy (cold, overcast, rainy, etc.) weather."
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dɹiːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹiːx/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹik/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-dreich.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga/En-us-dreich.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga"
},
{
"ipa": "/drix/",
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ðreː/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/driːx/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-iːk"
},
{
"rhymes": "-iːx"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "tedious or troublesome task; most tedious or troublesome part of a task",
"word": "suuri vaiva"
}
],
"word": "dreich"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ga-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dreich",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "dhreich",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ndreich",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "noun form",
"g": "f-s"
},
"expansion": "dreich f sg",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "ga-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"Irish non-lemma forms",
"Irish noun forms",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "front",
"word": "dreach"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dative singular of dreach (“front”)"
],
"links": [
[
"dreach",
"dreach#Irish"
]
],
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "dreich"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Scots adjectives",
"Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"Scots lemmas",
"Scots terms derived from Middle English",
"Scots terms derived from Old English",
"Scots terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Scots terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Scots terms derived from Welsh",
"Scots terms inherited from Middle English",
"Scots terms inherited from Old English",
"Scots terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Scots terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dreichly"
},
{
"word": "deid dreich"
},
{
"word": "dreich in the draw"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dregh"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dregh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġedrēog"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*dreug"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *dreug",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "cy",
"3": "drycin",
"gloss": "bad weather"
},
"expansion": "Welsh drycin (“bad weather”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "drwg",
"3": "hin",
"gloss1": "bad",
"gloss2": "weather",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "drwg (“bad”) + hin (“weather”)",
"name": "compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "drudge"
},
"expansion": "English drudge",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "trügen"
},
"expansion": "German trügen",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English dregh, from Old English ġedrēog, *drēog, from Proto-West Germanic *dreug, from Proto-Germanic *dreugaz. Possibly influenced by Brythonic, e.g. Welsh drycin (“bad weather”) < drwg (“bad”) + hin (“weather”).\nDistantly cognate with English drudge, dree, and German trügen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mair dreich",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "maist dreich",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"10": "maist dreich",
"11": "",
"12": "",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "comparative",
"4": "mair dreich",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "superlative"
},
"expansion": "dreich (comparative mair dreich, superlative maist dreich)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dreich (comparative mair dreich, superlative maist dreich)",
"name": "sco-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"persistent, continuous, relentless"
],
"links": [
[
"persistent",
"persistent"
],
[
"continuous",
"continuous"
],
[
"relentless",
"relentless"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"slow, tardy"
],
"links": [
[
"slow",
"slow"
],
[
"tardy",
"tardy"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Scots terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The dreary, inhuman blue on Nadia's long-silent thought-screen fizzed into life.",
"ref": "2000, Matthew Fitt, But n Ben A-Go-Go, Luath, published 2000, page 132:",
"text": "The dreich inhuman blue on Nadia's lang-wheesht thocht-screen fizzed intae life.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dismal, dowie, dreary, bleak"
],
"links": [
[
"dismal",
"dismal"
],
[
"dowie",
"dowie"
],
[
"dreary",
"dreary"
],
[
"bleak",
"bleak"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"tedious, wearisome, drawn-out"
],
"links": [
[
"tedious",
"tedious"
],
[
"wearisome",
"wearisome"
],
[
"drawn-out",
"drawn-out"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"reluctant, tight-fisted, driving a hard bargain"
],
"links": [
[
"reluctant",
"reluctant"
],
[
"tight-fisted",
"tight-fisted"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/driːx/"
},
{
"ipa": "/driːç/"
}
],
"word": "dreich"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dreich meaning in All languages combined (33.7kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: dreich/Irish 'radical' base_tags=set()",
"path": [
"dreich"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "dreich",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'lenition'",
"path": [
"dreich"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "dreich",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'eclipsis'",
"path": [
"dreich"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "dreich",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (bcd5c38 and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.